Skip to main content

NUCLEAR HAZARDS, CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS

Radiation Hazard in the environment comes from ultraviolet, visible, cosmic rays and microwave radiation which produce genetic mutations in man. The biggest hazard comes from X-rays which accounts for 95% of out radiation exposure other than cosmic rays. 




Sources of  Nuclear Hazards : 

Various sources of  Nuclear Hazards are grouped into two types 

1. Natural Sources 

2. Man - made ( Anthropogenic ) sources. 




I) NATURAL SOURCES : 

a) The very important natural source is space, which emit cosmic rays.

b) Soil, rocks, air, water, food, radioactive radon-222 etc., also contain one or more radioactive substances. 

II)MAN - MADE SOURCES : 

Man - made sources are nuclear power plants, X-rays, Nuclear Accidents, Nuclear Bombs, Diagnostic kits etc., where radioactive substances are used. 


EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS :

Studies have shown that the health effects due to radiation are dependent on the level of dose. 




1. Exposure of the brain and central nervous system to high doses of radiation causes delirium, convulsions and death within hours or days.

2.  The use of  eye is vulnerable to radiation. As its cell die, they become opaque forming cataracts that impair sight.

3. Acute radiation sickness is marked by vomiting, bleeding of the gums and in severe cases, mouth ulcers. 

4. Internal bleeding and blood vessel damage may show up as red spots on the skin. 

5. Nausea and vomiting often begin a few hours after the gastrointestinal tract is exposed. Infection of the intestinal wall can  kill weeks afterwards. 

6. Un born children are vulnerable to brain damage or mental retardation, especially if radiation occurs during formation of the central nervous system in early pregnancy.

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Air Refrigeration System :

 Advantages Of  Air Refrigeration : 1. The refrigerant used namely air is cheap and easily available. 2. There is no danger of fire or toxic effects due to leakages. 3. The weight to ton of refrigeration ratio is less as compared to other systems. Disadvantages Of Air Refrigeration : 1. The quantity of  Refrigerant used per ton of refrigeration is high as compared to other systems. 2. The COP of the system is very low. Therefore running cost is high. 3. The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as the air contains moisture content. 
Post a Comment
Read more

MELTING FURNACES FOR FERROUS METALS : CUPOLA AND ITS WORKING

Various types of melting furnaces are used in different foundry shops, depending upon the quantity of metal to be melted at a time, and the nature of work that is carried out in the shop.  The primary objective in cupola is to produce iron of desired composition, temperature and properties at the required rate in the most economical manner. Besides, this furnace has many distinct advantages over the other types, e.g., simplicity of operation, continuity of production, and increased output coupled with a high degree of efficiency.  Description Of a Cupola : The Cupola Furnace consists of a vertical, cylindrical steel sheet, 6 to 12 mm thick, and lined inside with acid refractory bricks or acid tamping clay. The refractory bricks or the tamping clay used consist of  silicon oxide acid (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3). The lining is generally thicker in the lower where the temperatures encountered are higher than in the upper region. The shell is mounted either on a brick work fo...
Post a Comment
Read more

SIMPLE CARBURETOR - CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

CONSTRUCTION OF SIMPLE CARBURETOR :  The main Components of Simple Carburetor are : Float Chamber, float, nozzle, venturi, throttle valve, inlet valve, and metering jet . In the float chamber, a constant level of petrol is maintained by the float and a needle valve.  The float chamber is ventilated to atmosphere.  This is used to maintain atmospheric pressure inside the chamber. The float which is normally a metallic hollow cylinder rises and closes the inlet valve as the fuel level in the float chamber increases to certain level. The mixing chamber contains venturi, nozzle and throttle valve. The venturi tube is fitted with the inlet  manifold. This tube has a narrow opening called venturi. A nozzle is provided just below the centre of this venturi. The nozzle keeps the same level of petrol as that of the level in the float chamber. The mixing chamber has two butterfly valves.  One is to allow air into the mixing chamber known as choke valve. The other is to al...
Post a Comment
Read more